The Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebrovascular Function

Inclusion Criteria:
*  Post-partum women
*  18 years or older
*  Delivered within 5 years from the study visit
*  History of gestational diabetes diagnosed by an obstetrician and confirmed according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists criteria for gestational diabetes OR history of uncomplicated pregnancy (defined as no history of gestational diabetes, hypertensive pregnancy, or other gestational disorder).

Exclusion Criteria: We exclude participants from both groups for:
*  Skin diseases
*  Current tobacco use
*  Diagnosed or suspected hepatic or metabolic disease including diabetes
*  Diagnosed with depression or other mood-related disorders, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary fibrosis
*  Use of prescribed NSAIDs, statins or other cholesterol-lowering medication, antihypertensive medication, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, corticosteroids, thyroid medications, antidepressants or mood stabilizers, diuretics, phenothiazines, or benzodiazepines
*  History of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension,
*  History or family history of panic disorder,
*  Currently pregnant
*  Body mass index \<18.5 kg/m2,
*  Allergy to materials used during the experiment (e.g. latex), known allergies to study drugs.
*  History of heavy alcohol use/binge drinking,
*  Have planned procedures with radiological contrast,
*  Have a major dental procedure/surgery coming up, such as a dental extraction
*  Anatomy of the middle cerebral artery or internal carotid artery that prevents adequate ultrasonography and/or and data collection